Red no. 16

Red Arrows

The Red Arrows, officially known as the Royal Air Force Aerobatic Team, is the aerobatics display team of the Royal Air Force. Based at RAF Scampton, Lincolnshire, UK, they are soon to move to RAF Waddington. They were formed in late 1964 as an all-RAF team, replacing a number of unofficial teams that had been sponsored by RAF commands.
The Red Arrows badge shows the aircraft in their trademark diamond nine formation, with the motto Éclat, a French word meaning "brilliance" or "excellence".

Initially, they were equipped with seven Folland Gnat trainers inherited from the RAF Yellowjacks display team. This aircraft was chosen because it was less expensive to operate than front-line fighters. In their first season, they flew at 65 shows across Europe. In 1966, the team was increased to nine members, enabling them to develop their Diamond Nine formation. In late 1979, they switched to the BAE Hawk trainer. The Red Arrows have performed over 4,000 displays worldwide in 53 countries.
The Red Arrows are widely regarded as one of the best aerial acrobatics teams in the world.
At a charity auction, a British woman paid £1,500,000 to fly with them.

The Red Arrows were not the first RAF aerobatics team. An RAF biplane pageant was held at Hendon in 1920 with biplane teams from front-line squadrons. In 1938, three Gladiators flew with their wing-tips tied together. The Second World War largely stopped formation aerobatics, as planes were needed elsewhere.
In 1947, the first jet team of three Vampires came from Odiham Fighter Wing. Various teams flew the Vampire, and in 1950, No. 72 Squadron was flying a team of seven. No. 54 Squadron RAF became the first RAF jet formation team to use smoke trails. Vampires were replaced by Meteors, No 66 Squadron developing a formation team of six aircraft. Hunter aircraft were first used for aerobatics teams in 1955, when No 54 Squadron flew a formation of four.
The official RAF team was provided by No. 111 Squadron RAF ('Treblers' or 'Treble-One') in 1956, and for the first time the aircraft had a special colour scheme, which was an all-black finish. After a demonstration in France, they were hailed as 'Les Fleches Noires' and from then on known as The Black Arrows. This team became the first team to fly a five-Hunter formation. The Black Arrows' greatest moment was the loop and barrel roll of 22 Hunters during the 1958 Farnborough Airshow. This was a world record for the greatest number of aircraft looped in formation, and remains unbroken to this day. The Black Arrows were the premier team until 1961, when The Blue Diamonds (No. 92 Squadron RAF) continued their role, flying sixteen blue Hunters.

The team for the 2011 season was announced on 13 September 2010 and they are currently undergoing winter training in preparation for the 2011 display season.
Red One: Squadron Leader Ben Murphy
Red Two: Flight Lieutenant Chris Lyndon-Smith
Red Three: Flight Lieutenant Sean Cunningham
Red Four: Flight Lieutenant Jon Egging
Red Five: Flight Lieutenant Kirsty Moore
Red Six: Flight Lieutenant David Montenegro (Synchro Leader)
Red Seven: Flight Lieutenant Ben Plank
Red Eight (and executive officer): Flight Lieutenant Dave Davies
Red Nine: Flight Lieutenant Zane Sennett
Red Ten (Road Manager): Squadron Leader Graeme Bagnall

The Red Arrows do not use front-line aircraft because of operating costs. The team uses the RAF's advanced jet trainer, the BAE Hawk T1A, built at Brough in the East Riding of Yorkshire. While the Hawk is very basic compared to the much more modern Eurofighter Typhoon, it is still fast enough and very manoeuvrable, ideal for low-altitude aerobatics. The plane does not have a sat nav, radar or onboard computer. The Red Arrows normally cruise at 360 knots (one nautical mile every 10 seconds).

Specifications
Wing span: 9.39 m
Length: 11.85 m
Height: 4.0 m
Maximum speed sea level: 800 mph (1,037 km/h)
Maximum altitude: 48,000 ft (15,900 m)
Empty weight: 8,000 lb (3,630 kg)
Maximum weight: 18,390 lb (8,330 kg)
Powerplant: one Rolls-Royce Adour Mk 151
Thrust: 5,200 lbf (23 kN)

The first display by the Red Arrows was at RAF Little Rissington on 6 May 1965. The display was to introduce the Royal Air Force Aerobatic Team to the media. However, the first public display was on 9 May 1965 in France, at the French National Air Day in Clermont-Ferrand. The first public display in the UK was on 15 May 1965 at the International Air Fair at Biggin Hill. The first display with nine aircraft was on 8 July 1966 at RAF Little Rissington.
The first display in Germany was at RAF Laarbruch on 6 August 1965, and since then the Red Arrows have performed in Germany 170 times. However, the Red Arrows' last display in Germany was on 22 August 1988 after formation aerobatics were banned in Germany following the Italian Air Force Frecce Tricolori accident on 28 August 1988 in Ramstein.
During displays, the aircraft do not fly directly over the crowd apart from entering the display area by flying over the crowd from behind; any manoeuvres in front of and parallel to the audience can be as low as 300 feet, the 'synchro pair' can go as low as 100 feet straight and level, or 150 feet when in inverted flight. To carry out a full display, the cloud base must be above 4,500 feet; if it is below 2,500 feet then they will perform a 'flat' display, which consists of fly-pasts and steep turns.
One of the biggest crowds to see the Red Arrows was in Lisbon on 13 June 1973, when there was a crowd of 650,000 people, a statistic exceeded in 1996 in Sydney.
The greatest number of displays flown in any year was in 1995, when the Red Arrows performed 136 times. The smallest number of displays in one year was in 1975, after the 1973 oil crisis limited their appearances.

Display costs
In 1977, a charge of £200 was introduced by the MOD for a Red Arrows display. By 2000, the charge had risen to £2,000 (including VAT and insurance). In a BBC documentary in 2011 the team manager quoted the charge as £9,000. To date, the Red Arrows have performed over 4,000 displays (the 4,000th being performed at RAF Leuchars in Scotland in September 2006).
Transits
UK residents may occasionally see the Red Arrows on a "transit flight" (getting to the display location). On these transit flights, the team flies at the relatively low altitude of 1,000 feet. This avoids the complication of moving though the cloud base in formation, and also avoids much controlled air space. Jets are more efficient at higher altitude, so longer flights are made at 35,000 to 42,000 feet. On these transit flights, they may fly as a formation of 10 or occasionally 11 planes, including spare planes. Sometimes a C-130 Hercules accompanies them, carrying spare parts.
Smoke
The smoke trails left by the team are made by releasing diesel into the exhaust; this oxidises straight away, leaving a white smoke trail. Dyes can be added to produce the red and blue colour. The diesel is stored in the pod on the underside of the plane; designed to carry a 30 mm ADEN cannon, it now houses three tanks: one 50-gallon tank of pure diesel and two 10-gallon tanks of blue- and red-dyed diesel. The smoke system uses ten gallons per minute; therefore each plane can trail smoke for a total of seven minutes – 5 minutes of white smoke, 1 minute of blue and 1 minute of red.
Flying between displays
As the fuel tank capacity of the Hawk sets a limit to nonstop flight distance, very long flights between display sites may need landings on the way to refuel. For example, a flight from RAF Scampton to Quebec for an international air display team competition had to be done in seven hops: RAF Scampton, RAF Kinloss (Scotland), Keflavík (Iceland), Kangerlussuaq (west Greenland), Narsarsuaq (south tip of Greenland), Goose Bay (Newfoundland), Bagotville, Quebec.

Red Arrows

Le Red Arrows (in italiano: frecce rosse) ufficialmente note come Royal Air Force Aerobatic Team (Gruppo acrobatico della Royal Air Force) sono la squadriglia acrobatica della Royal Air Force con sede Scampton, in Lincolnshire, Inghilterra. Le Red Arrows sono state fondate nel 1964 ed hanno partecipate a più di 4000 manifestazioni in 53 nazioni differenti. Le Red Arrows hanno i dotazione nove BAE Hawk. Le Red Arrows sono riconosciute a livello mondiale come una delle migliori pattuglie acrobatiche.

Le Red Arrows non furono la prima pattuglia acrobatica inglese. Infatti nel 1920 a Hendon un gruppo di biplani Gloster Gladiator fecero un esibizione per la RAF. Quando iniziò la seconda guerra mondiale, il settore acrobatico si fermò poiché i velivoli venivano destinati ad uso bellico. Nel 1947, il 72º Squadrone creò una formazione acrobatica di sette de Havilland DH.100 Vampire. In questo periodo si iniziarono ad usare le strisce di fumo colorato durante le manifestazioni. Nel 1955 vennero adottati quattro Hawker Hunter nel No. 54 Squadron. Venne poi istituita nel 1956 una squadriglia che per la prima volta aveva una colorazione particolare, simile al nero, e per questo diventarono note come le Frecce Nere. Le frecce nere volavano con cinque Hawker Hunter e fino al 1961 vennero ritenute una delle migliori pattuglie acrobatiche della RAF fino alla creazione dei Blue Diamonds un'altra pattuglia acrobatica che operava con sedici Hawker Hunter.
La Royal Air Force Aerobatic Team, le frecce rosse, si stanziò a RAF Kemble, quando però il quartiere generale della Central Flying School si spostò a Scampton le Red Arrows lo seguirono. Nel 1968, l'allora Team Leader (Sqn. Ldr. Ray Hanna) ha ampliato la pattuglia acrobatica da sette a nove velivoli. Dopo 1,292 manifestazioni delle Red Arrows con il Folland Gnat nell'inverno del 1979 entrarono in servizio presso le Red Arrows nove BAE Hawk. Nel 2004 ci fu una speculazione mediatica secondo la quale le Red Arrows si sarebbero dovute sciogliere a causa degli eccessivi costi di mantenimento. Più tardi le spese furono giustificate al governo per il servizio e l'immagine che questa pattuglia acrobatica offre alla Gran Bretagna, tanto che l'allora primo ministro Tony Blair nel 2007 confermò che è altamente improbabile che le Red Arrows smettano di partecipare alle manifestazioni in giro per il mondo.
Dal 1966, i piloti volontari delle Red Arrows dovevano aver superato i test su aerei militari come Tornado, Harrier o Jaguar ed aver accumulato più di 1.500 ore di volo e le loro abilità devono essere valutate sopra la media. Le Red Arrows non hanno piloti di riserva e quindi se un pilota non è in grado di volare la pattuglia si esibirà solo con otto velivoli, ma se invece è il leader della formazione a non essere in grado di volare la pattuglia non prenderà parte alla manifestazione.

Le strisce di fumo che la pattuglia usa nelle manifestazioni vengono create rilasciando nello scarico del diesel, che si ossida subito. Per creare le strisce colorate viene rilasciato anche del colorante blu o rosso a seconda delle richieste. In totale ogni aereo ha un'autonomia di fumo di sette minuti, cinque minuti di fumo bianco, un minuto di fumo rosso e uno di fumo blu.

Red no. 15

Racing Red (Rosso corsa)

Rosso Corsa is the red international motor racing colour of cars entered by teams from Italy.
Since the 1920s Italian race cars of Alfa Romeo, Maserati, Lancia, and later Ferrari and Abarth have been painted in rosso corsa ("racing red"). This was the customary national racing colour of Italy as recommended between the world wars by the organisations that later became the FIA. In that scheme of international auto racing colours French cars were blue (Bleu de France), British cars were green (British racing green), etc.
The colour was not determined by the country the car was made in nor by the nationality of the driver(s) but by the nationality of the team entering the vehicle. A yellow Ferrari 156 was entered and driven in the 1961 Belgian Grand Prix by Olivier Gendebien from Belgium, scoring 4th behind 3 other Ferrari 156s painted in red as they were entered by the Scuderia Ferrari itself, and driven by US drivers Phil Hill and Richie Ginther as well as German Wolfgang von Trips.
National colours were mostly replaced by commercial sponsor liveries in 1968, but unlike most other teams, Ferrari always kept the traditional red but the shade of the colour varies. Since 1996 Ferrari F1 cars are painted in a brighter, almost orange day-glo to adjust for colour balance on television screens. The original Rosso Corsa may appear almost dark brown in older television sets. The darker more crimson or claret-like shade of red made a return on the F1 cars at the 2007 Monaco Grand Prix, possibly in line with the increasing market presence of higher quality high definition television.
In recent years the traditional colours have resurfaced in a few cases such as the green Jaguar Racing F1 cars or the white BMW Sauber F1.
Ferrari won the 1964 World championship with John Surtees by competing the last two races in Ferrari 158 cars painted white and blue - the national colours of the teams from the United States - as these were entered not by the Italian factory themselves but by the US-based NART team. This was done as a protest against the agreement between Ferrari and the Italian Racing Authorities regarding their planned mid-engined Ferrari race car.



Rosso corsa

Il rosso corsa è una particolare gradazione di rosso, stabilita dalla FIA, che veniva applicata alle auto italiane nelle corse automobilistiche.
Fin dagli anni venti, le automobili da corsa italiane, come Alfa Romeo, Maserati e, in seguito, anche Ferrari e Abarth venivano verniciate con questo particolare colore. Questo era il consueto colore per distinguere le squadre italiane che gareggiavano in campionati automobilistici deciso dall'associazione che in seguito sarebbe diventata la FIA. In questo schema le auto francesi, come la Bugatti ad esempio, sono blu, le britanniche, come la Jaguar, sono verdi.
La nazionalità, e quindi il colore ad essa associato, non è determinato dal paese in cui il veicolo viene costruito né dalla nazionalità dei piloti, ma da quella della scuderia che iscrive il veicolo[senza fonte]. Ad esempio una Ferrari 156 gialla venne iscritta e guidata da Olivier Gendebien, originario del Belgio, durante il Gran Premio del Belgio del 1961. Gendebien arrivò quarto, dietro ad altre tre Ferrari Ferrari 156 rosse, iscritte dalla Scuderia Ferrari, ma guidate dagli statunitensi Phil Hill e Richie Ginther e dal tedesco Wolfgang von Trips.
Questi colori nazionali a partire dal 1968 vennero spesso sostituiti da quelli relativi allo sponsor. Tuttavia la Ferrari, a differenza della maggior parte delle altre scuderie, mantenne il tradizionale rosso fino al 1996, quando cambiò tonalità adeguandosi al rosso dello sponsor Marlboro: da allora le Ferrari destinate a gareggiare nella Formula 1 vengono verniciate con un rosso più brillante, più vicino all'arancione, perché tale colore viene reso tramite le riprese televisive con una tonalità diversa, l'originale rosso corsa che tutti i telespettatori possono riconoscere.
Negli ultimi anni questi colori tradizionali sono stati abbandonati e poi ripresi, come il verde della britannica Jaguar Racing. Nella stagione 2007 la Ferrari ha alterato ulteriormente il rosso per la F2007, di nuovo per motivi di sponsor.

Red no. 14

The red shoes

"The Red Shoes" (Danish: De røde sko) is a fairy tale by Danish poet and author Hans Christian Andersen first published by C.A. Reitzel in Copenhagen 7 April 1845 in New Fairy Tales. First Volume. Third Collection. 1845. (Nye Eventyr. Første Bind. Tredie Samling. 1845.). Other tales in the volume include "The Elf Mound" (Elverhøi), "The Jumpers" (Springfyrene), "The Shepherdess and the Chimney Sweep" (Hyrdinden og Skorstensfejeren), and "Holger Danske" (Holger Danske).
The tale was republished 18 December 1849 as a part of Fairy Tales. 1850. (Eventyr. 1850.) and again on 30 March 1863 as a part of Fairy Tales and Stories. Second Volume. 1863. (Eventyr og Historier. Andet Bind. 1863.). The story is about a girl forced to dance continually in her red shoes. "The Red Shoes" has seen adaptations in various media including film.

A peasant girl named Karen is adopted by a rich old lady after her mother's death. She grows up vain. She tricks her adoptive mother into buying her a pair of red shoes and repeatedly wears them to church, without paying attention to the service. Her adoptive mother becomes ill, but Karen deserts her, preferring to attend a party in her red shoes. Once she begins dancing, she can't stop. The shoes take over. She cannot control them and they are stuck to her feet. The shoes continue to dance, through fields and meadows, rain or shine, night and day. She can't even attend her adoptive mother's funeral. An angel appears to her, condemning her to dance even after she dies, as a warning to vain children everywhere. Karen finds an executioner and asks him to chop off her feet. He does so and gives her a pair of wooden feet and crutches. Thinking that she has suffered enough for the red shoes Karen decides to go to church in order for the people to see her, but her amputated feet, still in the red shoes dance, before her, barring the way. The following Sunday she tries again, thinking of herself at least as good as the others in church, but again the dancing red shoes bar the way. Karen gets a job as a maid in the parsonage, but when Sunday comes she dares not go to church. Instead she sits alone at home and prays to God. Then, it is as though the church comes home to her and her heart becomes so filled with sunshine, peace, and joy that it bursts. Her soul flies on sunshine to heaven, and no one there asks her about the red shoes.

Andersen explained the origins of the story in an incident he witnessed as a small child. By his report, his father was sent a piece of red silk by a rich lady customer, to make a pair of dancing slippers for her daughter. Using red leather along with the silk, he worked very carefully on the shoes, only to have the rich lady tell him they were trash. She said he had done nothing but spoil her silk. "In that case," he said, "I may as well spoil my leather too," and he cut up the shoes in front of her.

The Red Shoes is also a 1948 British feature film about ballet. The film tells the story of a young ballerina who joins an established ballet company and becomes the lead dancer in a new ballet called "The Red Shoes", based on the fairy tale. Her desire to dance conflicts with her need for love and a traditional life as a wife and mother, ultimately leading to her suicide.

British art-rocker Kate Bush's seventh album, 'The Red Shoes', was named after the film and the story.
The Red Shoes is also a 2005 Korean horror film inspired by the fairy tale.
The Red Shoes tale has also been adapted by the Cornish theatre company, Kneehigh.



Le scarpette rosse

Le scarpette rosse (in danese: De røde sko) è una fiaba di Hans Christian Andersen, pubblicata per la prima volta da C.A. Reitzel a Copenaghen il 7 aprile del 1845 nel volume Nye Eventyr. Første Bind. Tredie Samling. 1845. (cioè Nuove favole. Primo volume. Terza raccolta. 1845.).
Karen è una bambina molto povera, costretta ad andare in giro scalza o al più con gli zoccoli; per aiutarla, una ciabattina le confeziona un paio di scarpe rosse con degli stracci. Il destino vuole che le riceva proprio il giorno della morte della madre, e debba indossarle proprio al funerale. Una vecchia e ricca signora decide di prendersi cura di Karen e la porta nella sua casa, dove le vengono dati nuovi abiti e vengono buttate via le scarpette.
Crescendo Karen diventa una ragazzina molto bella, ma anche vanitosa. Un giorno viene in visita in città la regina, e Karen rimane affascinata dalle scarpette di marocchino rosso indossate dalla principessina, infinitamente più belle di quelle fatte con gli stracci dalla ciabattina, e ne desidera un paio identiche. Con l'inganno riesce a indurre la "madre adottiva" a comprargliele per la cresima, complice la debole vista della vecchia signora. In chiesa Karen non segue la cerimonia perché non riesce a pensare ad altro che alle proprie scarpette, nel frattempo i parrocchiani la osservano indignati. L'anziana signora si accorge dell'inganno solo in seguito, ed ordina a Karen di non indossare mai più scarpe rosse in chiesa, ma la ragazza le disobbedisce e le mette nuovamente la domenica successiva, il giorno della sua prima comunione. Prima di entrare in chiesa, se le fa pulire da un vecchio soldato storpio, che nota ad alta voce come siano delle "belle scarpette da ballo". Anche stavolta Karen si distrae pensando alle sue scarpe, dimenticandosi perfino di recitare il salmo e il Padre Nostro, e anche stavolta suscita scalpore tra i presenti. Ma all'uscita, il vecchio soldato ripete la frase, e improvvisamente Karen si mette a ballare senza sosta, come se le scarpe danzassero di loro spontanea volontà. Il cocchiere a fatica la carica sulla carrozza, ma il risultato è che le scarpette prendono a calci la vecchia signora, finché Karen non riesce finalmente a togliersele.
Tempo dopo, la signora si ammala gravemente: Karen, invece di badare a lei, decide di recarsi ad una grande festa da ballo, indossando le scarpette rosse. Ancora una volte le scarpe prendono il controllo delle sue gambe e la costringono a ballare incessantemente attraverso campi e valli, giorno e notte: e questa volta non riesce a togliersele. Giunta ad un cimitero, vede un angelo con una spada fiammeggiante che le ordina di danzare per sempre e di vagare di città in città, come monito per i giovani troppo vanitosi. Le scarpette la conducono presso quella che era la sua casa, in modo che sappia che la sua anziana benefattrice è morta, ma poi la costringono a riprendere il suo viaggio. Un giorno Karen passa vicino alla casa del boia e lo implora di tagliarle i piedi con l'ascia: l'uomo esegue, e le scarpette incantate fuggono portandosi via i piedi mozzati della ragazza. Il carnefice le costruisce delle protesi in legno e due stampelle in modo che possa camminare.
Karen decide di recarsi in chiesa a chiedere perdono, ma ogni volta appaiono le scarpette rosse che le sbarrano la strada danzando, ed ogni volta la ragazza fugge spaventata. Va allora alla casa del pastore e si mette al servizio della sua famiglia come domestica; ma ancora non vuole andare in chiesa, e resta chiusa nella sua stanza a pregare. Improvvisamente le appare nuovamente l'angelo, con in mano un ramo fiorito al posto della spada. Karen si ritrova per miracolo dentro la chiesa, senza capire esattamente se vi è stata portata dall'angelo o se è la chiesa stessa che è "venuta da lei". Il suo cuore è tanto pieno di gioia che si spezza, e la sua anima vola immediatamente in Paradiso, dove nessuno le chiede delle scarpette rosse.